• Hypospadias is a condition where the urethral meatus, the hole where the urine is released from the body, is not in the correct place. This condition can be associated with curvature of the penis downward, incomplete foreskin, and a flattening of the head of the penis.

Hydronephrosis is a condition when there is swelling of one or both kidneys.  This can be physiologic (normal therefore not requiring intervention), or is can indicate a problem with the drainage system of the kidney. Hydronephrosis may be diagnosed in a child as early as in utero (before the child is born).

Testicles in utero (before birth) reside in the abdomen and must make their way down usually shortly prior to birth, but may take up to six months to get down to the appropriate scrotal position. An undescended testicle is one that is not in its proper position in the scrotum. It can be in the abdomen, in the inguinal area (groin area), or even high in the scrotum.

Circumcision is a common procedure performed in newborn boys and even after, and the goal is to remove all the foreskin from the penis. It occasionally happens when the entirety of the foreskin is not removed and it gives the appearance of an incomplete circumcision. When this is severe enough some circumcised boys will not look circumcised at all. If this is bothersome to the family or the patient, a revision circumcision may be considered.

Congenital abnormalities of the penis including torsion, twisting of the penis, or chordee, curvature of the penis (most commonly down towards the scrotum) can be repaired. These occur during the development of the child in utero, and the goal of treatment is to make sure functionality is preserved and the appearance is cosmetically normal.

Kidney stones, also referred to as nephrolithiasis, is a condition when stones form within the kidney and may travel down the pipes from the kidney to the bladder (aka ureters) or the bladder itself.
Kidney stones may form because of dehydration or metabolic abnormalities.  When children get kidney stones, it is imperative that they are worked up for metabolic abnormalities, to prevent further stone formation.  Kidney stones may remain in the kidney or they may move.  When kidney stones move they may cause pain that is episodic or constant, or even obstruct the urinary tract causing significant problems.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) occurs when the connection of the ureter, the pipe from kidney to the bladder, does not connect appropriately to the bladder. This is usually a congenital problem.  It can be genetic and may predispose some to recurrent urinary tract infections with fevers.  Patients with VUR must be monitored for kidney damage, kidney growth and urinary tract infections.

UPJO is a congenital condition when there is an obstruction where the ureter, pipe from the kidney to the bladder, meets the kidney. This is usually seen as hydronephrosis in the prenatal period and diagnosed after the child is born.

UVJO is a congenital condition when an obstruction is present in the ureter where it meets the bladder. This condition presents as hydronephrosis and management depends on the severity of obstruction, and their symptoms.

Incontinence during the day or bedwetting can be very distressing to a child and caretakers.  It is relatively common for children to have problems with bedwetting until about 5 years old. If there is continued bedwetting after this age, an evaluation may be helpful to determine the cause of the problem.

When a child has been toilet trained for about a year and continues to have incontinence episodes, an evaluation may help determine the root cause.